The incidence of stroke in young individuals (defined as those below the age of 45 or 50) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is not extensively studied, and data specific to the region may be limited. However, there is some evidence suggesting that the incidence of stroke in young individuals is rising in the MENA region, similar to global trends. Here are a few studies and findings that provide insights into the incidence of stroke in young people in the MENA region:
A study conducted in Saudi Arabia, titled “Stroke in Young Adults: An 8-Year Experience from the Western Region,” reported that out of 1,241 stroke patients, 9.4% were younger than 45 years old. The study highlighted an increasing trend in the proportion of young stroke patients over the eight-year period analyzed. Another study from Egypt, titled “Stroke in Young Adults: A Hospital-Based Study in Upper Egypt,” found that out of 302 stroke patients, 26.2% were young adults (age ≤45 years). The study emphasized the need for increased awareness of stroke in young individuals and the importance of preventive measures. A review article titled “Young Stroke in the Middle East and North Africa: An Overview” discussed the limited available data on stroke in young individuals in the MENA region. The article highlighted that stroke in the young population is a growing concern and emphasized the need for further research and awareness campaigns in the region. It is important to note that these studies prov
Efficacy: Mechanical thrombectomy has been shown to be highly effective in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke caused by large vessel occlusion (LVO). Clinical trials, such as the landmark HERMES trial, have demonstrated that mechanical thrombectomy significantly improves functional outcomes and reduces disability in eligible patients.
Time Window: The time window for mechanical thrombectomy has been expanded in recent years. While the standard guideline recommended window is within 6 hours of symptom onset, selected patients can benefit from the procedure up to 24 hours or even beyond, depending on various factors such as imaging findings and clinical presentation.
Global Utilization: The utilization of mechanical thrombectomy has been rapidly increasing worldwide. According to a study published in JAMA Neurology, the use of mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke increased from 1.1% in 2010 to 25.9% in 2018 in the United States. Similar trends have been observed in other developed countries.
Improved Outcomes: Mechanical thrombectomy has significantly improved the outcomes for patients with acute ischemic stroke. Studies have reported higher rates of functional independence and reduced mortality compared to standard medical treatment alone.
Guidelines and Recommendations: International stroke treatment guidelines, such as those from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) and the European Stroke Organisation (ESO), strongly recommend mechanical thrombectomy as a standard treatment for eligible patients with acute ischemic stroke due to LVO.
Imaging Selection: Advanced imaging techniques, such as CT perfusion or MRI diffusion-weighted imaging, are used to select appropriate patients for mechanical thrombectomy. These imaging modalities help identify patients with salvageable brain tissue and predict the likelihood of a good clinical outcome.
Access and Disparities: Access to mechanical thrombectomy can vary across regions and healthcare systems. Disparities in access may be influenced by factors such as geographical location, availability of specialized stroke centers, expertise of healthcare professionals, and healthcare infrastructure.
Ongoing Research: Research in the field of mechanical thrombectomy is ongoing. Studies are exploring various aspects, including the optimal selection of patients, refinement of procedural techniques, use of adjunctive medications, and the role of artificial intelligence in image analysis and decision-making.
Air pollution is a significant problem in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), several cities in the MENA region have some of the highest levels of particulate matter (PM) in the world, with PM2.5 levels that are often more than 10 times the WHO guideline limit. This high level of PM is primarily caused by dust storms, industrial activities, and vehicular emissions. In addition, the region also experiences high levels of ozone pollution, which is mostly driven by the high temperatures and strong sunlight in the region. The WHO has reported that, in the MENA region, air pollution causes around 4.2 million premature deaths each year, with over 90% of people living in the region exposed to air pollution that exceeds the WHO guideline limits. The MENA region has highest premature death rate due to air pollution in the world, with Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Iran having the highest premature death rates in the region.
Air pollution has been linked to an increased risk of stroke in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Studies have shown that high levels of particulate matter and ozone in the air can lead to inflammation in the blood vessels and increase the likelihood of a stroke. Air pollution can also contribute to other risk factors for stroke, such as hypertension and diabetes. In addition, the population in the MENA region is particularly vulnerable to the effects of air pollution due to factors such as high levels of smoking and poor access to healthcare. It is important for governments and organizations in the MENA region to take action to reduce air pollution in order to protect the health of their citizens and reduce the risk of stroke
The incidence and prevalence of hypertension (high blood pressure) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is considered high. Studies have found that the prevalence of hypertension in the MENA region ranges from 20-50%. Factors that contribute to the high incidence of hypertension in the MENA region include increasing age, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, and tobacco use.
Additionally, there is a high prevalence of genetic predisposition in the MENA region, which is thought to be a major risk factor for the development of hypertension. The high salt intake and low potassium intake, common in the region, is also related with hypertension. The high incidence and prevalence of hypertension in the MENA region is a significant public health concern, as it is a major risk factor for the development of several chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and stroke.
The incidence and prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is considered high. Studies have found that the prevalence of MetS in the MENA region ranges from 20-40%. Factors that contribute to the high incidence of MetS in the MENA region include increasing age, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and unhealthy diet. A high intake of saturated fats, sugar and refined carbohydrates are common in the MENA region, and are known to contribute to the development of MetS. Additionally, there is a high prevalence of genetic predisposition in the MENA region, which is thought to be a major risk factor for the development of MetS.
The high incidence and prevalence of MetS in the MENA region is a significant public health concern, as it is a major risk factor for the development of several chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer.
The incidence of extracranial carotid artery disease (ECAD) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is thought to be relatively high. Studies have found that the prevalence of ECAD in the MENA region ranges from 5-20%. Factors that contribute to the high incidence of ECAD in the MENA region include increasing age, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. Additionally, there is a high prevalence of genetic predisposition in the MENA region, which is thought to be a major risk factor for the development of ECAD. Studies also suggest that low awareness and delayed diagnosis of the disease in the MENA region may also contribute to the high incidence.
Extra cranial atherosclerotic disease refers to the development of atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries, outside of the brain. This can occur in various arteries throughout the body, such as the carotid arteries, coronary arteries, and peripheral arteries. The incidence and prevalence of extra cranial atherosclerotic disease can vary depending on several factors, including age, sex, lifestyle, and underlying risk factors. Here is some information on the incidence and prevalence of specific conditions related to extra cranial atherosclerotic disease:
Carotid Artery Disease: Carotid artery disease involves the narrowing or blockage of the carotid arteries, which supply blood to the brain. It is a common form of extra cranial atherosclerotic disease. The incidence and prevalence of carotid artery disease are influenced by age and risk factors such as smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol levels. The incidence tends to increase with age, particularly in individuals over 50 years old.
Coronary Artery Disease: Coronary artery disease affects the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. It is a leading cause of heart attacks and is strongly associated with atherosclerosis. The incidence and prevalence of coronary artery disease vary globally and are influenced by factors such as lifestyle, diet, smoking, and genetic predisposition. The incidence tends to increase with age and is more common in men compared to women, although the risk in women increases after menopause.
Peripheral Artery Disease: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) refers to the narrowing or blockage of the arteries outside of the heart and brain, most commonly affecting the arteries in the legs. PAD is also closely related to atherosclerosis. The incidence and prevalence of PAD increase with age and are influenced by risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol levels. It is estimated that PAD affects around 200 million people worldwide.
It’s important to note that the incidence and prevalence of extra cranial atherosclerotic disease can vary significantly between countries and populations. Data on specific incidence and prevalence rates may be limited or vary based on available studies and regional differences in risk factors. It is recommended to refer to local epidemiological data or consult with healthcare professionals or organizations for more precise information on the incidence and prevalence of extra cranial atherosclerotic disease in a particular region or population.
The incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region varies depending on the specific country and population studied. However, overall, the incidence of AF in the MENA region is thought to be relatively high. Studies have found that the prevalence of AF in the MENA region ranges from 1-9%. Factors that contribute to the high incidence of AF in the MENA region include increasing age, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. Additionally, there is a high prevalence of genetic predisposition in the MENA region, which is thought to be a major risk factor for the development of AF.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia characterized by irregular and often rapid heartbeats. While data on the prevalence of AF in different regions of the world can vary, including the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, here is some general information comparing AF in the MENA region to other parts of the world:
Prevalence in the MENA Region: Studies suggest that the prevalence of AF in the MENA region is increasing, and it is becoming a significant health concern. The prevalence rates reported in different countries within the region vary, but they generally align with global trends. It is estimated that the prevalence of AF in the MENA region ranges from approximately 1.5% to 3%.
Risk Factors: The risk factors for AF in the MENA region are similar to those observed globally. These include older age, hypertension (high blood pressure), diabetes, obesity, coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, and a history of heart failure. Certain genetic and ethnic factors may also play a role in the prevalence of AF in specific populations within the region.
Healthcare Infrastructure and Access to Care: The availability and accessibility of healthcare services and resources can influence the diagnosis, management, and outcomes of AF. In some parts of the MENA region, there may be challenges related to healthcare infrastructure, including limited access to specialized cardiology services and advanced treatments. This can impact the timely diagnosis, appropriate management, and access to therapies like anticoagulation for stroke prevention in patients with AF.
Stroke Risk and Anticoagulation: AF significantly increases the risk of stroke. In the MENA region, as in other parts of the world, stroke prevention strategies, such as anticoagulant therapy, are crucial for patients with AF who are at risk of stroke. However, underutilization of anticoagulation therapy has been reported in various studies globally, and this may also be a concern in the MENA region.
Research and Data: There is ongoing research to better understand the burden of AF in the MENA region. However, comprehensive and consistent data on AF prevalence, treatment patterns, and outcomes may be limited. Further research efforts and collaborations are necessary to gather more accurate and representative data specific to the region.
It is important to note that the prevalence and characteristics of AF can vary among different countries within the MENA region due to variations in population demographics, risk factors, healthcare systems, and socioeconomic factors. To obtain precise and up-to-date information on the prevalence and impact of AF in a specific country or region within the MENA area, it is advisable to refer to local studies, epidemiological reports, or consult with healthcare professionals or organizations working in the region
